Un présumé courtier de bébés dans les limbes judiciaires mexicaines

Traduit de l'article Alleged baby broker remains in Mexican judicial limbo de Jeremy Roebuck,
publié dans The Brownsville Herald, le 27 janvier 2009.

Reynosa - Le procès d'un présumé courtier de bébés de Harlingen (hors traduction: Harligen est une ville de Texax) a été mis en attente jusqu'à ce qu'un nouveau juge soit nommé à la cour traitant son cas, ont dit les fonctionnaires mexicains.

Amado Torres Vega, 64 ans, est resté dans une prison d'Etat de Tamaulipas, depuis son arrestation l'an dernier et devrait y rester en tant que son cas reste en suspens, a déclaré Mario Cervantes Pedraza, greffier.

Le juge d'état de Tamaulipas, Mascorro Hiram Garcia, a officiellement inculpé Torres des charges de trafic d'enfants en juin, après qu'une femme ait rapporté qu'il avait acheté son petit-fils de la mère de l'enfant, qui était dans une prison de Reynosa.

Mais Mascorro a depuis quitté le banc pour des raisons non précisées, dit Cervantes. Depuis lors, les employés du tribunal ont continué à déplacer les cas du registre de la cour - y compris Torres' - à travers les étapes de procès préliminaires.

Mais aucune décision définitive ne peut être faite sans un juge.

"Nous ne pouvons proclamer la culpabilité ou l'innocence", dit Cervantes en espagnol.

Les enquêteurs de Reynosa ont accusé Torres d'avoir acheté plus d'une douzaine d'enfants l'année dernière et de les avoir emmenés à des couples aux États-Unis pour des frais.

Plusieurs des mères concernées ont déclaré à la police qu'il les ont fait entrer furtivement à travers la frontière américaine juste avant l'accouchement afin que leurs enfants deviennent des citoyens américains et plus facilement adoptables à l'intérieur du pays. Au moins six d'entre elles ont depuis été arrêtées et font face à des accusations similaires, selon les procureurs de l'État de Tamaulipas.
Mais Torres a maintenu que son travail était légitime et a remis en cause l'histoire que la police a dit à son sujet dans une interview de prison avec The Monitor peu après son arrestation.

Il est peu probable que Torres soit accusé aux États-Unis en dépit des allégations selon lesquelles il a violé les lois sur l'immigration, ont dit les autorités fédérales.

Bien que les agents du FBI aient interrogé plusieurs familles américaines ayant adopté des enfants de Torres, ils ont finalement décidé de ne pas porter plainte en raison du procès en cours au Mexique, a déclaré lundi le porte-parole du bureau.

S'il est reconnu coupable, Torres pourrait faire face à 12 ans dans une prison mexicaine.

Article relié:

Accused baby broker denies wrongdoing (The Monitor, 29 mai 2008)

Agence d'adoption sous enquête pour enlèvements d'enfant

Traduit de l'article Adoption agency in child kidnap probe paru dans news.com, le 9 janvier 2008.

Le procureur de Vienne mène une enquête sur une agence d'adoption locale au milieu des allégations selon lesquelles elle aurait emmené des enfants "volés" en Autriche, a rapporté l'agence de presse nationale APA.

L'organisation basée à Vienne, Family for You, est soupçonnée de "procédures d'adoption illégale", a déclaré le porte-parole du procureur Gerhard Jarosch à APA, ajoutant que l'enquête permettrait de préciser si les allégations étaient vraies.

Family for You, faisait l'objet d'une enquête au début de l'année dernière, qui a été annulée.

Maintenant, de nouveaux éléments de preuves obtenus en décembre 2007 signifie que l'affaire peut être rouverte, dit Jarosch.
Dans un article qui sera publié mercredi, l'hebdomadaire autrichien Falter rapporte le cas d'une jeune fille éthiopienne adoptée en Autriche, qui affirme qu'elle a été volée.

Selon le magazine, la vraie mère de la fille a dit qu'un collaborateur de Family for You en Éthiopie l'a persuadée d'abandonner son enfant et qu'elle a reçu de l'argent de l'agence.

Falter cite également les rapports des diplomates autrichiens au Vietnam et en Inde, datant de 2001, exprimant leurs inquiétudes de Family for You ayant collaboré avec des "représentants douteux" ou des orphelinats soupçonnés de recueillir des enfants volés.

Le directeur de Family for You, Petra Fembek, a rejeté toute responsabilité dans une déclaration à APA, affirmant que son organisme ne traitait que de futurs parents adoptifs alors que d'autres prenaient soin des enfants.

L'organisation a annoncé en juillet 2007 qu'elle cesserait ses activités en Éthiopie, en citant des problèmes avec les autorités locales.

Adoption agency in child kidnap probe

From correspondents in Vienna, Agence France-Presse, January 09, 2008 07:25am

VIENNA'S prosecutor is investigating a local adoption agency amid allegations that it may have brought "stolen" children to Austria, the national press agency APA has reported.

The Vienna-based organisation, Family For You, is suspected of "illegal adoption procedures'', the prosecutor's spokesman Gerhard Jarosch told APA, adding that the investigation would help clear up whether the allegations were true.
Family For You was already the subject of an inquiry at the beginning of last year that was later called off.
Now, new evidence obtained in December 2007 means the case can be re-opened, Jarosch said.
In an article to be published Wednesday, the Austrian weekly Falter reports the case of a young Ethiopian girl adopted in Austria, who claims she was stolen.
The girl's real mother said a collaborator of Family For You in Ethiopia persuaded her to give up her child and that she received money from the agency, according to the magazine.
Falter also cites reports dating back to 2001 from Austrian diplomats in Vietnam and India expressing concern that Family For You collaborated with "dubious representatives'' or orphanages suspected of taking in stolen children.

Family For You's director Petra Fembek rejected any blame in a statement to APA, arguing that her agency only dealt with prospective adoptive parents while others took care of the children.

The organisation announced in July 2007 that it would cease its activities in Ethiopia, citing problems with the local authorities.

Autres liens:

An Ethiopian Girl Child Perplexes her European Adopters (Sudan Vision Daily, 13 novembre 2007)

Money for children/kindergeld (PPL, janvier 2009)

Adoption et maladie mentale

Est-ce que l'adoption présente des risques psychologiques? Les chercheurs de l'Université du Minnesota ont revisité cette question controversée récemment et ont constaté que les troubles d'enfance communs du DSM-IV sont plus fréquents chez les adoptés que les non-adoptés. Ils ont aussi constaté que les adoptés sont plus susceptibles d'avoir des contacts avec les professionnels de la santé mentale.

Les troubles évalués au cours de la durée de vie des adoptés incluent le trouble oppositionnel avec provcation (TOP), le trouble déficit de l'attention/hyperactivité (TDAH), ou le trouble de comportement, la dépression, l'anxiété de séparation.

Les chances d'avoir le TDAH ou TOP sont environ deux fois plus élevé chez les adolescents adoptés. Par exemple, 7 à 8 adolescents non adoptés sur 100 avaient TDAH comparativement à 14 à 15 adoptés sur 100. En outre, les adoptés domestiques ont plus de risque d'avoir des troubles de comportement que les adolescents non adoptés.

Les adoptés internationaux étaient significativement plus anxieux que les adolescents non adoptés, selon leurs parents, ont beaucoup plus de symptômes de dépression majeure et de troubles de l'anxiété de séparation.

Plus de détails dans l'article suivant publié dans Psychiatric Times, le 26 janvier 2009.

Adoption and Mental Illness

Does adoption pose psychological risks? University of Minnesota researchers revisited this controversial issue recently and found that common DSM-IV childhood disorders are more prevalent in adoptees than nonadoptees.¹ They also found that adoptees are more likely to have contact with mental health professionals.

The mental health of adoptees has become an increasingly important issue as the number of adoptions in the United States continues to rise. According to the National Council For Adoption,1 there were 130,269 domestic adoptions and 21,063 intercountry adoptions in 2002. (In 1996 there were 108,463 domestic adoptions and 11,303 intercountry adoptions.) US Census figures in 2000 indicated that nearly 1.6 million children and teenagers under 18 years in the US and Puerto Rico are adopted.²
The adoption study compared a random sample of 540 adolescents born in Minnesota, who were not adopted, with a representative sample of adoptees (514 international adoptees and 178 domestic adoptees). The children had been placed by the 3 largest adoption agencies in Minnesota.³

“All of the kids were adopted within the first 2 years of life, but the great majority were adopted within the first year,” said Margaret A. Keyes, PhD, lead author of the study and a research psychologist. “The average age at placement was 4 months. So it is not as if you are looking at 3- and 4-year-olds coming over on a plane from a faraway country.”

At the time of the assessments, the study participants ranged in age from 11 to 21 years. The assessments were rigorous and involved use of the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents-Revised (DICA-R) and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID-II). (Both had been updated to cover DSM-IV criteria.) The modified DICA-R was also administered to mothers of participants to assess disorders in their children.
Disorders assessed over the lifetime of the adoptees included oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorder, major depressive disorder, and separation anxiety disorder.
Because of its design, the study makes a major contribution to the medical literature, Keyes told Psychiatric Times. It is one of the first to investigate the prevalence of common DSM-IV childhood disorders in a population-based sample of adopted adolescents. In addition, it improved on the methodology of prior studies.
While previous studies had relied extensively on parent reports and checklist descriptions of problems the kids had, Keyes said, “We had parents and children come into our laboratory at the University of Minnesota and complete individual clinical interviews . . . then we also collected teacher reports.” Two individuals with advanced clinical training reviewed the interviews, according to Keyes, and “they had to come to consensus about every single symptom. That information was then entered into the computer, and the diagnoses were assigned by computer algorithms.”
The odds of having ADHD or ODD were about twice as high in all adopted adolescents. For example, Keyes said, 7 to 8 out of 100 nonadopted adolescents had ADHD compared with 14 to 15 out of 100 of the adoptees. In addition, domestic adoptees had higher odds of having conduct disorder than nonadopted adolescents. Consistent with a meta-analysis by Juffer and van Ijzendoorn,⁴ the University of Minnesota researchers found that international adoptees had fewer externalizing behavioral problems than domestic adoptees. This finding is somewhat provocative, because some researchers5 have speculated that international adoptees would be at increased risk for mental health problems because they are more likely to have been placed in the adoptive home at a later age, to have experienced preplacement adversity, or to have been exposed to postplacement discrimination.
In contrast, Juffer and van Ijzendoorn (authors of the meta-analysis) suggested that adoptive parents of international adoptees may be better prepared to rear an adopted child than the adoptive parents of domestic adoptees. They also suggested that domestic adoptees may experience greater prenatal exposure to teratogenic substances or have a greater genetic risk for mental health problems than international adoptees.
International adoptees were significantly more anxious than nonadopted adolescents and, according to their parents, had significantly more symptoms of major depressive and separation anxiety disorders.
Despite the study’s findings, Keyes emphasized that most of the children adopted as infants are well-adjusted and psychologically healthy.
“That point gets lost in a discussion of a paper like this,” she said.

Mental health contacts

The adoption study also found that all adopted adolescents were significantly more likely to have had contact with a mental health professional than nonadoptees. “We have known for a long time that adoptees are over-represented in mental health settings,” Keyes said. “One hypothesis is that it relates to referral bias—that adopted parents on average have greater economic resources, are a little bit better educated, and have experience with social services agencies through the process of adopting, so they are more likely to refer their kids to a mental health setting. Now, we think that at least part of that over-representation is due to the fact that the adoptees are experiencing more of the kinds of behavioral problems for which parents refer their kids.”

---

1. National Council For Adoption. Adoption Factbook IV. Sterling, Va.: National Council For Adoption; 2007.

2. Kreider RM. Adopted Children and Stepchildren: 2000. US Census Bureau. Issued October 2003. www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/censr-6.pdf. Accessed October 6, 2008.

3. Keyes MA, Sharma A, Elkins IJ, et al. The mental health of US adolescents adopted in infancy. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2008;162:419-425.

4. Juffer F, van Ijzendoorn MH. Behavior problems and mental health referrals of international adoptees: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2005;293:2501-2515.

5. Hjern A, Lindblad F, Vinnerljung B. Suicide, psychiatric illness, and social maladjustment in intercountry adoptees in Sweden: a cohort study. Lancet. 2002; 360:443-448.

Des enfants adoptés, déracinés et qui souffrent

Du site ouest-france.fr, le 17 juin 2008.

Les spécialistes qualifient de « troubles de l'attachement » une pathologie qui survient au cours des deux ou trois premières années de la vie. Elle concerne, pour une très large part, des enfants adoptés et peut se révéler au fil des ans. :

Parents, éducateurs, spécialistes sont déconcertés par les « troubles de l'attachement » qui s'emparent de certains enfants adoptés. L'association Petales fédère et soutient les parents concernés.

C'était un gamin enjoué, peu avare de risettes au temps du berceau. Et puis, les années passant, sa métamorphose comportementale s'est accomplie. Il est devenu impulsif, accaparant, incapable de contrôler ses humeurs et ses pulsions.

Manipulateur, parfois violent ¯ envers les autres mais aussi envers lui-même ¯ le gosse adorable d'hier s'est mué en un « empoisonneur » dont parents et éducateurs ont un mal fou à comprendre et gérer les écarts de conduite, à la maison, à l'école ou, plus tard, au travail.

Les pédopsychiatres qualifient de «troubles de l'attachement» cette pathologie qui survient au cours des deux ou trois premières années de la vie. Elle concerne, pour une très large part, des enfants adoptés.

D'une manière générale, des jeunes qui, pour des causes diverses (naissance prématurée, hospitalisation de la mère, séparation des parents...), ont mal vécu une rupture avec leurs parents biologiques.

Une réunion interrégionale à Angers

L'association Petales France (1) connaît le problème: 95% de ses centaines d'adhérents sont des parents adoptifs. Elle organise, le 21 juin, à Angers, une réunion interrégionale sur ce thème douloureux. Elle aura lieu de 13h30 à 17>h, au parc de loisirs du lac de Maine.

« Pour l'instant, hélas, il n'y a pas de solutions pour ces enfants qui souffrent», commente la Bretonne Marie-France Gicquel, en évitant pudiquement d'entrer dans les détails de son drame personnel.

La « théorie de l'attachement », dont elle relaye les principes pour aider les autres à mieux comprendre, c'est le pédopsychiatre anglais John Bowlby, mort en 1990, qui l'a établie.

« La construction des premiers liens entre l'enfant et la mère répond à un besoin biologique fondamental, écrivait-il. Et, s'ils ne sont pas construits durant les douze premiers mois de la vie de l'enfant, son développement et son humanisation sont en péril.»

Des carences affectives précoces, des traumatismes liés à la négligence ou à une rupture de ces premiers liens gomment donc chez l'enfant «le sentiment de baigner dans un environnement favorable et protecteur» et font émerger chez lui, a contrario, l'idée d'un abandon.

Du coup, explique Marie-France Gicquel, «on assiste chez lui à d'étonnantes métamorphoses. Il fabule. Il ment. Il provoque parfois des punitions en jouant aux victimes. Il est capable de violences et d'automutilations. Les éducateurs, qui s'interrogent sur la signification de ces comportements, ont souvent tendance à incriminer les parents, sans connaître les drames intérieurs que ceux-ci vivent, impuissants...>»

Les groupes d'entraide de Petales France s'évertuent à briser justement l'isolement des parents. La réunion d'Angers contribuera à rechercher des solutions susceptibles de déboucher sur des soins adaptés aux enfants. Faute, aujourd'hui, d'une thérapie efficace.

Alain GUELLEC.

(1) Le sigle Petales signifie Parents d'enfants présentant les troubles de l'attachement : Ligue d'entraide et de soutien. Contact : www.petalesfrance.fr/index.html ; BP 50 132, 02303 Chauny Cedex ; tél. 03 23 39 54 12.

Articles reliés:

Le message- blog Enfants adoptés à risque de TDAH et autres troubles mentaux (Adopted Children at Risk for ADHD, Other Mental Disorders).

Elle a été adoptée, agressée puis déportée

Née en Inde en 1981, Jennifer Haynes a été adoptée à l'âge de 8 ans par les Américains Edward et Melissa Hancox et emmené aux États-Unis en novembre 1989. Maltraitée par son premier père d'accueil, elle a passé par presque 50 foyers d'accueil.
Elle a épousé Justin Haynes en 2002 et a vécu avec lui et leurs deux enfants, Kadafi 5 ans et Kanassa 4 ans, au Michigan. Toutefois, Justin a été condamné pour possession de drogue en 2002 et a purgé une peine de prison. Jennifer a aussi été reconnue coupable dans une affaire de possession illégale de drogues en juillet 2004 et elle était sous probation.

Lorsque son cas a atteint le conseil d'immigration, il a été constaté que les formalités de nationalité ont été laissées incomplètes au moment de son adoption en 1989. Les fonctionnaires ont alors décidé de la déporter en Inde.

Détails dans les articles suivants...

She was adopted, assaulted & deported
(Du site DNA, 15 janvier 2009)

Mayura Janwalkar

Mumbai: Nearly 20 years after she was adopted by an American national, 27-year-old Jennifer Haynes is back in Mumbai, seeking action against the Americans for International Aid and Adoption (AIAA), the agency that had processed her adoption papers.

Speaking to DNA on Wednesday evening, Haynes said, "I was fighting with the immigration authorities in the US. They said that my documentation for US citizenship was unfinished and wanted to deport me. With the Indian government accepting my repatriation, I came back in July last year. Ever since, I have been living in a Chembur hostel."
In her petition, which was mentioned before Bombay High Court on Wednesday, Haynes has sought a court direction to Central Adoption Resources Authority (Cara) to deregister AIAA and other foreign agencies, based in the US and registered with the Indian Government, and stop inter-country adoption until she is sent back to her family.
"For all these years, nobody ever told me that I am not an American citizen. It is because of AIAA that I have landed in this situation," Haynes said.
She has stated in the petition that her adoption process was carried out in violation of the UN Convention onthe Rights of the Child, 1989 and the Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Cooperation in Inter-Country Adoption.
Her advocate, Pradeep Havnur, said that the petition had been filed, but it was yet to get a date for hearing.
Born in India in 1981, Haynes was adopted by Edward Hancox, who flew her to the US in November 1989. It was the beginning of a nightmare for her. "I was sexually abused by my first foster father. I changed nearly 50 foster homes, but everywhere the abuse continued. Nobody was willing to accept me," she told DNA.
She married Justin Haynes in 2002 and lived with him and their two children -- Kadafi, 5 and Kanassa, 4 -- in Michigan. "My husband works in a construction company. I used to be a housewife. I talk to my family in Michigan only once in two weeks," said a frustrated Haynes. "I want to be back with my family. I am going crazy here."
Not having the necessary documents, she is finding it difficult to get a job in the city. "Now, I have no means to sustain myself. I am surviving on the money that my mother-in-law sends me," she added.

Fraudulent adoption process lands woman in trouble
(Du site Express India, 16 janvier 2009)

Mumbai: An allegedly fraudulent adoption process carried out by an American agency has landed 27-year-old Jennifer Haynes in trouble after she was deported back to India in July last year.

Haynes, who was adopted by an American twenty years ago, has now moved the Bombay High Court seeking action against the Americans for International Aid and Adoption (AIAA) that had processed her adoption papers.
In her petition she has blamed the AIAA for jeopardising her stay in America as her adoption process was carried out in violation with the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989 and the Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Cooperation in Inter-Country Adoption. Now, she has asked the court to direct the Central Adoption Resources Authority (CARA) to de-register AIAA and other foreign agencies based in United States and registered with the Indian Government and stop inter-country adoption.
Her petition states that she is also a victim of sexual abuse from her foster father and the abuse continued even after changing several foster homes.
After her adoption in 1989 at the age of eight, she was flown to US where she was ill-treated by her foster father. After going through the abuse and rejection from foster homes she married Justin Haynes, who worked in a construction company, in 2002, and lived with him and her two children Kadafi, 5, and Kanassa, 4, in Michigan.
She was also convicted in 2001 and 2004 for illegal possession of cocaine by the US Department of Justice, but was later deported to India as she was of Indian origin after the Indian government accepted her repatriation through the Board of Immigrant Appeals in the US.
She is now keen to go back to US as she has not seen her children due to imprisonment and subsequent deportation. Haynes, who is currently staying in a Chembur Hostel, is also finding it difficult to get a job as she does not have proper documents and is surviving on the money sent by her mother-in-law.
She is seeking direction from court so as to direct the authorities to place all records and quantify exemplary damages against the parties responsible for their acts of denying her right to life.
She also wants to be deported back to the United States and restore her ties with her two American minor children and her American husband.
Until then she should be accorded the status of being the state guest in India by providing shelter, food and money to bear the expenses, said the court.
“The case will come up for hearing on January 30,” her advocate Pradip Havnur said.

'My foster parents treated me like a slave'
(Du site DNA, 16 janvier 2009)

Mumbai: At just 27, Jennifer Haynes has experienced more than most people her age. In an exclusive interview with DNA, the thoroughbred American talks about being abruptly deported to her place of birth 20 years after she was adopted by an American couple.

Mayura Janwalkar

A traumatic childhood
Born in Mumbai on July 29, 1981, Haynes was adopted as an eight-year-old by US nationals, Edward and Melissa Hancox, and flown to USA in November 1989.
However, her life was far from alright. She alleged that she was sexually abused as a child in her first foster home in Georgia. She then changed home 50 times, spending most of her life in Michigan. "I was abused there as well," she said.
"I did not complain to anyone because I was so young and I didn't even know what exactly sex was."
Haynes studied only till Class 10. "I kept moving from one foster home to another and nobody really cared about me. I was treated like a slave in many homes and not even sent to a public school until the government mandated my foster parents to do so."

Life after marriage
Haynes met her husband Justin through common friends and tied the knot on July 2, 2002, at the age of 21. "My husband is African-American and a year older than I am. He works with my father-in-law in his construction business," she said.
However, Justin was convicted for possession of drugs in 2002 and served a term in prison. Haynes too was convicted in a case of illegal possession of drugs in July 2004 and was under probation. When her case reached the boardof immigration, it was found that her citizenship formalities were left incomplete at the time of her adoption in 1989. The officials then decided to deport her to India.
"I didn't know I was being deported. I didn't even have my passport. I was just asked to pack my stuff and sent to India. I wasn't even allowed to speak to my family. I called them after I reached Mumbai and told them I was deported," she said.

Back to her birthplace
Haynes landed in India on July 2, 2008 -- her sixth wedding anniversary. "I landed in this country, away from my family and with no money. I had nowhere and nobody I could go to."
However, Haynes found a job as an English teacher and was staying at YWCA in Colaba. But after a month, she was shifted to a home for distressed women in Chembur
"I would have started a new life here had it not been for my children back in the US," said a visibly upset Haynes.
"I don't belong here. People treat you differently when you are not like them," she added.
Currently unemployed, Haynes now wants to get a job in a call centre. "I would then be able to have a place of my own. It is difficult for me to sustain myself because my family doesn't send me too much money. They cannot even afford to come down and see me."

Woman adopted by US couple has nowhere to go
(Du site The Times of India, 31 janvier 2009)

MUMBAI: The Bombay high court on Friday issued notices to the central government and the Central Adoption and Resources Authority (CARA) seeking its response to a petition filed by 27-year-old Jennifer Haines, an Indian adopted by a US about 20 years ago who was sent back to India sans her documents and a nationality.

Advocate Pradeep Havnur, Jennifer's lawyer, said she was sent back on a travel document which was a "mere slip of paper'' and she does not have either her passport of the United States nor of India. He questioned how the Indian government permitted her to enter the country.

The petition, while alleging abuse at the hands of her adoptive father and subsequent foster homes, has also questioned the role of the American agency which facilitated the inter-country and had given the Indian court a solemn undertaking that Jennifer would be taken care of in her adopted home. The HC bench of Chief Justice Swatanter Kumar and Justice D Y Chandrachud also issued a notice to the trustee of KUAN-YIN charity trust.

The Centre said it wanted time to file its reply.

Jennifer, who is a mother of two, currently has nowhere to stay and no means to support herself. She wants the HC to get CARA to deregister or ban the Americans for International Aid and Adoptions and similar other agencies which are involved in inter-country adoptions. Jenifer said she also wants to track down her biological mother now that she is in India.

Remarque:

À chaque année, aux États-Unis, on entend parler des adoptés adultes qui font face à la déportation ou qui sont déportés vers leur pays d'origine parce que leurs parents adoptifs ne se sont pas occupés des paperasseries pour leur citoyenneté. Seulement quelques cas sont portés à l'attention du médias. Dans PPL, on documente les cas qui parviennent aux médias.